Practice advanced Mandarin vocabulary

唉

āi

[sound of a sigh]

哎

āi

[sound of surprise or unhappiness]

爱护

àihù

to treasure

爱惜

àixī

to cherish

暗

àn

dark

安装

ānzhuāng

to install

熬夜

áoyè

to be up all night

摆

bǎi

to arrange, to exhibit

宝贝

bǎobèi

treasure, baby (term of affection)

保持

bǎochí

to maintain, to keep

包裹

bāoguǒ

package

包括

bāokuò

to include, to involve

保留

bǎoliú

to retain, to preserve

保险

bǎoxiǎn

insurance

抱怨

bàoyuàn

complaint

把握

bǎwò

certainty (of an outcome)

背

bèi

(one's) back

背景

bèijǐng

background

便

biàn

soon afterwards

编辑

biānjí

to edit

标点

biāodiǎn

punctuation

表面

biǎomiàn

surface

表情

biǎoqíng

(facial) expression; emoji

标志

biāozhì

symbol, mark

彼此

bǐcǐ

one another

毕竟

bìjìng

after all

比例

bǐlì

proportion

避免

bìmiǎn

to avoid

必要

bìyào

necessary

玻璃

bōli

glass (the substance)

布

bù

cloth

不安

bùān

uneasy

补充

bǔchōng

to supplement, to add in

不得了

bùdéliǎo

serious, exceedingly

不见得

bújiànde

not necessarily; not likely

不然

bùrán

otherwise; how about ...?

不如

bùrú

to be not as good as; "it would be better to..."

不要紧

búyàojǐn

unimportant

步骤

bùzhòu

phase, stage

不足

bùzú

insufficient, lacking

踩

cǎi

to step on

惭愧

cánkuì

ashamed

操场

cāochǎng

playground

曾经

céngjīng

once, ever

插

chā

to insert

差距

chājù

discrepancy, difference

长途

chángtú

long distance

抄

chāo

to make a copy

朝

cháo

towards

吵

chǎo

noisy

超级

chāojí

super

吵架

chǎojià

to argue

潮湿

cháoshī

humid

彻底

chèdǐ

utterly, thoroughly

趁

chèn

take advantage of

称

chēng

to weigh

成就

chéngjiù

accomplishment

诚恳

chéngkěn

sincere

成立

chénglì

to establish, to set up

成人

chéngrén

adult

承认

chéngrèn

to admit

成熟

chéngshú

mature; ripe

成长

chéngzhǎng

growth

沉默

chénmò

silent, uncommunicative

翅膀

chìbǎng

wing

池塘

chítáng

pool, pond

持续

chíxù

to continue, to persist

冲

chōng

to rush; to rinse

充满

chōngmǎn

to be full of

丑

chǒu

ugly

臭

chòu

stinky, smelly

抽屉

chōuti

drawer

抽象

chōuxiàng

abstract

闯

chuǎng

to charge through

传说

chuánshuō

legend

除非

chúfēi

unless; besides

吹

chuī

to blow

初级

chūjí

elementary-level

出色

chūsè

outstanding

出示

chūshì

to display to others

出席

chūxí

to attend (an official event)

刺激

cìjī

to stimulate, to provoke

此外

cǐwài

in addition, furthermore

辞职

cízhí

to resign

从此

cóngcǐ

from now on, since then

从而

cóngér

thereby

匆忙

cōngmáng

hasty, hurried

从事

cóngshì

to engage in

粗糙

cūcāo

rough, coarse

催

cuī

to urge

存在

cúnzài

to exist

措施

cuòshī

measures (taken to solve a problem)

促使

cùshǐ

to induce

达到

dádào

to reach (a result)

大方

dàfāng

generous, giving

呆

dāi

to stay (in a place) [also written as 待]

打交道

dǎjiāodào

to come into contact with; to have dealings (with)

单纯

dānchún

simple, pure

单调

dāndiào

monotonous, dull

单独

dāndú

alone

当地

dāngdì

local

耽误

dānwu

to delay

胆小鬼

dǎnxiǎoguǐ

coward

到达

dàodá

to arrive

道德

dàodé

morality

倒霉

dǎoméi

to have bad luck

导演

dǎoyǎn

director

导致

dǎozhì

to lead to (something bad)

打喷嚏

dǎpēntì

to sneeze

打听

dǎting

to ask about

大象

dàxiàng

elephant

大型

dàxíng

large-scale

答应

dāying

to promise, to agree to

等待

děngdài

to wait (for)

等于

děngyú

to be equal to

滴

dī

a drop

地道

dìdao

authentic

地理

dìlǐ

geography

顶

dǐng

top, most, roof

地区

dìqū

region

的确

díquè

indeed

敌人

dírén

enemy

地位

dìwèi

status

冻

dòng

to freeze

洞

dòng

cave

豆腐

dòufu

tofu

断

duàn

to break (something long)

对比

duìbǐ

to contrast

独立

dúlì

independent

吨

dūn

ton

蹲

dūn

to squat down

躲藏

duǒcáng

to conceal oneself

多余

duōyú

extra, superfluous

独特

dútè

unique and special

恶劣

èliè

of very poor quality

发达

fādá

developed

发抖

fādǒu

to tremble, to shiver

罚款

fákuǎn

a (monetary) fine

翻

fān

to turn over, to flip

方

fāng

square

妨碍

fángài

to obstruct, to impede

方案

fāngàn

solution

仿佛

fǎngfú

as if

方式

fāngshì

method, way

繁荣

fánróng

prosperous, flourishing

范围

fànwéi

range, scope

反应

fǎnyìng

reaction, response

反映

fǎnyìng

reflection

反正

fǎnzhèng

anyway...

非

fēi

non-

肥皂

féizào

soap

奋斗

fèndòu

struggles

纷纷

fēnfēn

one after another, in succession

讽刺

fěngcì

to satirize, to mock

疯狂

fēngkuáng

crazy

否定

fǒudìng

to negate

否认

fǒurèn

to deny

复制

fùzhì

to copy (text), to duplicate

盖

gài

to cover

改进

gǎijìn

to improve

概括

gàikuò

to summarize

改善

gǎishàn

to make better

干脆

gāncuì

straightforward

钢铁

gāngtiě

steel

赶紧

gǎnjǐn

quickly, hurriedly

赶快

gǎnkuài

at once

干燥

gānzào

dry, arid

搞

gǎo

to do, to make

告别

gàobié

to bid farewell to

高档

gāodàng

superior quality

高级

gāojí

high-level

根

gēn

root

根本

gēnběn

(not) at all

格外

géwài

especially

各自

gèzì

each

公布

gōngbù

to announce, to make public

工具

gōngjù

tool

公开

gōngkāi

to make public

恭喜

gōngxǐ

congratulations, to congratulate

贡献

gòngxiàn

contribution

公主

gōngzhǔ

princess

构成

gòuchéng

to form, to compose

怪不得

guàibude

no wonder; "so that's why..."

拐弯

guǎiwān

to go round a curve

官

guān

officials

关闭

guānbì

to close

观察

guānchá

observation

广场

guǎngchǎng

public square, plaza

广大

guǎngdà

(of an area) vast or extensive

固定

gùdìng

fixed

规模

guīmó

scale, scope

归纳

guīnà

to sum up

柜台

guìtái

front desk, service counter

规则

guīzé

rules

滚

gǔn

to roll

过期

guòqī

to expire

国王

guówáng

king

鼓掌

gǔzhǎng

to applaud

哈

hā

[sound of laughter or a yawn]

喊

hǎn

to yell

豪华

háohuá

luxurious

好奇

hàoqí

curious

何必

hébì

there is no need

后背

hòubèi

the back

滑

huá

slippery

划

huà

to row, to paddle

怀孕

huáiyùn

to become pregnant

黄金

huángjīn

gold

慌张

huāngzhāng

confused, flustered

缓解

huǎnjiě

to alleviate, to relieve

灰

huī

ash, dust

灰尘

huīchén

dust

恢复

huīfù

to resume

或许

huòxǔ

perhaps/maybe

活跃

huóyuè

active, lively

忽然

hūrán

suddenly

忽视

hūshì

to ignore, to neglect

糊涂

hútu

confused, muddled

甲

jiǎ

first in a series, highest grade of quality

嘉宾

jiābīn

honored guest

捡

jiǎn

to pick up

肩膀

jiānbǎng

shoulder

剪刀

jiǎndāo

scissors

艰巨

jiānjù

arduous

坚决

jiānjué

firm, resolute

简历

jiǎnlì

resume, CV

建立

jiànlì

to establish

坚强

jiānqiáng

strong, staunch

建设

jiànshè

construction

简直

jiǎnzhí

simply, practically

狡猾

jiǎohuá

cunning, sly

交换

jiāohuàn

to exchange, to swap

交际

jiāojì

communication

假如

jiǎrú

if

假装

jiǎzhuāng

to pretend

基本

jīběn

fundamental

戒

jiè

to give up or quit doing (e.g. alcohol, smoking)

接触

jiēchù

in come into contact with, to encounter

接待

jiēdài

to receive (a visitor)

结构

jiégòu

structure

结合

jiéhé

combination

接近

jiējìn

to get close to

节省

jiéshěng

to save, to economize, to cut down on

结实

jiēshi

sturdy

戒指

jièzhi

(finger) ring

集合

jíhé

to gather, to assemble

激烈

jīliè

intense

纪律

jìlǜ

discipline

急忙

jímáng

hastily

进步

jìnbù

to improve, to progress

尽快

jǐnkuài

as quickly as possible

尽力

jìnlì

to try one's hardest

尽量

jìnliàng

to the best of one's ability

谨慎

jǐnshèn

cautious

金属

jīnshǔ

metal

极其

jíqí

extremely

计算

jìsuàn

to calculate

集体

jítǐ

collective (behavior, etc.)

救

jiù

to save, to rescue

集中

jízhōng

to concentrate (something)

捐

juān

to donate

具备

jùbèi

to possess

巨大

jùdà

huge

决赛

juésài

finals (in a competition)

俱乐部

jùlèbù

club

均匀

jūnyún

well-distributed

居然

jūrán

unexpectedly, to one's surprise

具体

jùtǐ

specific

开发

kāifā

development

开放

kāifàng

to open up

开幕式

kāimùshì

opening ceremony

砍

kǎn

to chop

看不起

kànbuqǐ

to look down on

看望

kànwàng

to call on, to visit

靠

kào

to depend on

克

kè

gram (g)

可靠

kěkào

reliable

空间

kōngjiān

space

空闲

kòngxián

idle

控制

kòngzhì

control

扩大

kuòdà

to expand

烂

làn

rotten; overcooked; lousy

劳驾

láojià

excuse me

老实

lǎoshi

honest, naive

老鼠

lǎoshǔ

rat, mouse

类型

lèixíng

type, category

良好

liánghǎo

good

联合

liánhé

to unite

连忙

liánmáng

promptly

连续

liánxù

in a row, continuous

了不起

liǎobuqǐ

amazing

立即

lìjí

immediately

立刻

lìkè

immediately

力量

lìliang

power

铃

líng

(small) bell

领导

lǐngdǎo

leader

灵活

línghuó

flexible, nimble, agile

领域

lǐngyù

domain, field, area

浏览

liúlǎn

to browse

龙

lóng

dragon

漏

lòu

to leak, to mistakenly leave out

轮流

lúnliú

in turns, by turn

落后

luòhòu

to fall behind

陆续

lùxù

in succession

矛盾

máodùn

contradicting

冒险

màoxiǎn

adventure

魅力

mèilì

charm, charisma

煤炭

méitàn

coal

面对

miànduì

to confront, to face

面积

miànjī

(surface) area

面临

miànlín

to be faced with (a situation)

苗条

miáotiáo

slender and shapely

秘密

mìmì

secret

命令

mìnglìng

a command

名牌

míngpái

famous brand

命运

mìngyùn

fate

密切

mìqiè

close

模仿

mófǎng

to imitate

模糊

móhu

vague, blurry

模特

mótè

(fashion) model

某

mǒu

some..., a certain...

目前

mùqián

currently

难怪

nánguài

no wonder

哪怕

nǎpà

even if, even though

内部

nèibù

interior

嫩

nèn

tender

宁可

nìngkě

would rather

浓

nóng

concentrated, dense, strong

农民

nóngmín

farmer

欧洲

ōuzhōu

Europe

拍

pāi

to pat, to clap, to slap

盼望

pànwàng

to long for

培养

péiyǎng

sustenance

碰

pèng

to bump; to touch

披

pī

to drape over one's shoulders

批

pī

batch

飘

piāo

to float

平

píng

flat

凭

píng

based on

平安

píng'ān

safe and sound

平常

píngcháng

usually

平方

píngfāng

square (as in square meters)

平衡

pínghéng

balance

评价

píngjià

evaluation

平静

píngjìng

serene

拼音

pīnyīn

pinyin (Chinese romanization)

批准

pīzhǔn

to approve

破坏

pòhuài

to destroy

迫切

pòqiè

urgently

签

qiān

to sign (one's name)

欠

qiàn

to owe

枪

qiāng

gun

墙

qiáng

wall

抢

qiǎng

to grab, to rob

强调

qiángdiào

to emphasize

强烈

qiángliè

intense

前途

qiántú

prospects, future outlook

谦虚

qiānxū

modest

瞧

qiáo

to look at

巧妙

qiǎomiào

ingenious

悄悄

qiāoqiāo

secretly

切

qiē

to cut, to slice

启发

qǐfā

inspiration

气氛

qìfēn

atmosphere, mood

奇迹

qíjì

miracle

青

qīng

green

青春

qīngchūn

youth

情景

qíngjǐng

situation

轻视

qīngshì

to despise, to look down on

庆祝

qìngzhù

to celebrate

其余

qíyú

the others

圈

quān

circle

劝

quàn

to urge

确定

quèdìng

to be sure

缺乏

quēfá

to be short of, to lack

确认

quèrèn

to confirm

群

qún

group

趋势

qūshì

trend, tendency

去世

qùshì

to pass away, to die

取消

qǔxiāo

to cancel

热烈

rèliè

enthusiastic

软

ruǎn

soft

如何

rúhé

how

弱

ruò

weak, inferior

洒

sǎ

to sprinkle

色彩

sècǎi

coloring

上当

shàngdàng

to be taken in (by a scam)

善良

shànliáng

kind, nice

善于

shànyú

to be good at

沙滩

shātān

beach

伸

shēn

to stretch (out)

升

shēng

liter (L)

胜利

shènglì

victory

省略

shěnglüè

to omit

深刻

shēnkè

deep, profound

神秘

shénmì

mysterious

士兵

shìbīng

soldiers

似的

shìde

to look like

实话

shíhuà

the truth

失去

shīqù

to lose (something)

湿润

shīrùn

moist

事实

shìshí

fact

事物

shìwù

thing, object

实现

shíxiàn

to realize

实用

shíyòng

practical

始终

shǐzhōng

from beginning to end

收据

shōujù

receipt

寿命

shòumìng

life span, life expectancy

数

shǔ

to count

摔倒

shuāidǎo

to slip and fall down; a throw (in wrestling)

说不定

shuōbudìng

can't say for sure, maybe

舒适

shūshì

cozy, comfy

属于

shǔyú

to belong to

丝绸

sīchóu

silk

似乎

sìhū

to seem as if, seemingly

损失

sǔnshī

loss

缩短

suōduǎn

to shorten

宿舍

sùshè

dormitory

台阶

táijiē

step(s)

烫

tàng

too hot to touch

坦率

tǎnshuài

candid

桃

táo

peach

逃避

táobì

to evade

淘气

táoqì

naughty, mischievous

特殊

tèshū

special, unusual

特征

tèzhēng

characteristic

挑战

tiǎozhàn

a challenge

调整

tiáozhěng

adjustment

提倡

tíchàng

to advocate

提纲

tígāng

outline

题目

tímù

topic, subject

提问

tíwèn

to raise a question

体验

tǐyàn

an experience

通常

tōngcháng

usually

统一

tǒngyī

to unify

投入

tóurù

to throw into, to put into

吐

tù

to vomit, to spit up

突出

tūchū

outstanding

退步

tuìbù

to regress

推辞

tuīcí

to decline (an appointment, invitation, etc.)

推广

tuīguǎng

to promote

推荐

tuījiàn

recommendation

退休

tuìxiū

to retire

歪

wāi

crooked, askew

往返

wǎngfǎn

to go back and forth

玩具

wánjù

a toy

完美

wánměi

perfect

完善

wánshàn

to make perfect; to improve

完整

wánzhěng

complete

尾巴

wěiba

tail

未必

wèibì

not necessarily

危害

wēihài

to harm

未来

wèilái

future

围绕

wéirào

to revolve around, to encircle

微笑

wēixiào

a smile

维修

wéixiū

maintenance

唯一

wéiyī

only, sole

位于

wèiyú

to be located at

闻

wén

to smell (something)

吻

wěn

a kiss

温暖

wēnnuǎn

warm

勿

wù

do not

无数

wúshù

countless

无所谓

wúsuǒwèi

to be indifferent, to not to matter

瞎

xiā

blindly, groundlessly, foolishly

夏令营

xiàlìngyíng

summer camp

县

xiàn

county

现代

xiàndài

modern

香肠

xiāngcháng

sausage

相关

xiāngguān

related

项链

xiàngliàn

necklace

象棋

xiàngqí

Chinese chess

相似

xiāngsì

similarity

象征

xiàngzhēng

symbol

现实

xiànshí

realistic, pragmatic

限制

xiànzhì

limit

消化

xiāohuà

to digest

消极

xiāojí

negative

效率

xiàolǜ

efficiency

小气

xiǎoqi

stingy, petty

歇

xiē

to take a break

斜

xié

inclined

细节

xìjié

detail

形成

xíngchéng

to take shape

行动

xíngdòng

action, movement

幸亏

xìngkuī

fortunately

行人

xíngrén

pedestrian

形容

xíngróng

to describe

形式

xíngshì

formality, shape, outer apeparance

行为

xíngwéi

behavior, conduct, actions

幸运

xìngyùn

lucky

形状

xíngzhuàng

shape

信号

xìnhào

signal

信任

xìnrèn

trust

欣赏

xīnshǎng

to appreciate

胸

xiōng

chest

吸收

xīshōu

to absorb

修改

xiūgǎi

to modify

休闲

xiūxián

leisure

迅速

xùnsù

rapid, speedy

询问

xúnwèn

to inquire

寻找

xúnzhǎo

to seek

延长

yáncháng

to prolong, to extend

样式

yàngshì

style, pattern

宴会

yànhuì

banquet

严肃

yánsù

serious

腰

yāo

waist, lower back

摇

yáo

to shake, to rock

咬

yǎo

to bite

要不

yàobù

otherwise, how about...

夜

yè

night

一旦

yídàn

once (something happens, then...)

移动

yídòng

mobile

以及

yǐjí

as well as

以来

yǐlái

since (a previous event)

一律

yílǜ

without exception

议论

yìlùn

discussion

移民

yímín

immigrant

因而

yīnér

therefore

硬

yìng

hard, firm, tough

应付

yìngfu

to deal with, to cope

迎接

yíngjiē

to welcome

英雄

yīngxióng

hero

应用

yìngyòng

to apply (e.g. a principle)

印刷

yìnshuā

to print

疑问

yíwèn

quesiton, doubt

一致

yízhì

consistent

拥抱

yōngbào

a hug

拥挤

yōngjǐ

crowded, congested

勇气

yǒngqì

courage

用途

yòngtú

use, purpose

游览

yóulǎn

to go sightseeing

有利

yǒulì

advantageous, favorable

优势

yōushì

advantage

圆

yuán

round

原料

yuánliào

raw material

愿望

yuànwàng

desire

预报

yùbào

forecast

预订

yùdìng

to place an order

预防

yùfáng

to prevent

娱乐

yúlè

entertainment

晕

yūn

dizzy

运气

yùnqi

luck

运用

yùnyòng

to put to use

与其

yǔqí

rather than...

灾害

zāihài

disaster

再三

zàisān

again and again

在于

zàiyú

to lie in

赞成

zànchéng

to approve

糟糕

zāogāo

terrible (of s situation)

则

zé

(conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but

责备

zébèi

to blame

窄

zhǎi

narrow

占

zhàn

to occupy; to comprise

账户

zhànghù

bank account

展开

zhǎnkāi

to unfold

粘贴

zhāntiē

to paste (text)

照常

zhàocháng

as usual

招待

zhāodài

to receive (guests)

振动

zhèndòng

to vibrate

针对

zhēnduì

be aimed at

挣

zhēng

to struggle for, to vie for

整个

zhěnggè

the entire (thing)

证件

zhèngjiàn

official document

争取

zhēngqǔ

to fight for

整体

zhěngtǐ

whole entity

真实

zhēnshí

true, real

珍惜

zhēnxī

to cherish, to value

直

zhí

straight

制定

zhìdìng

to make, to draft, to formulate

指挥

zhǐhuī

to conduct

秩序

zhìxù

social order

至于

zhìyú

as for, to go so far as

志愿者

zhìyuànzhě

volunteer

制造

zhìzào

to manufacture

中介

zhōngjiè

agent

重量

zhòngliàng

weight

抓

zhuā

to catch

抓紧

zhuājǐn

to grasp

转变

zhuǎnbiàn

to transform

装

zhuāng

to install; to pretend

撞

zhuàng

to crash (into)

装修

zhuāngxiū

to renovate

逐步

zhúbù

progressively, by steps

注册

zhùcè

to register

主持

zhǔchí

to host (an event)

主动

zhǔdòng

proactive

追

zhuī

to pursue

逐渐

zhújiàn

gradual

主人

zhǔrén

master, host

主任

zhǔrèn

director

主张

zhǔzhāng

to advocate, to stand for (a certain position)

紫

zǐ

purple

自动

zìdòng

automatic

资格

zīgé

qualifications

姿势

zīshì

posture, position

自愿

zìyuàn

to act voluntarily

总裁

zǒngcái

director, CEO

总共

zǒnggòng

in total

总理

zǒnglǐ

premier

总算

zǒngsuàn

finally

组

zǔ

group

组成

zǔchéng

to form, to make up

组合

zǔhé

to combine

醉

zuì

to become intoxicated

最初

zuìchū

initial

遵守

zūnshǒu

to obey, to abide by (some rules)

作为

zuòwéi

to act as...

组织

zǔzhī

organization

不断

búduàn

unceasing, continuous

参与

cānyù

to participate (in)

逗

dòu

amusing

对象

duìxiàng

object, (romantic) partner

公寓

gōngyù

apartment

合影

héyǐng

to take a joint photo

伙伴

huǒbàn

partner

胡同

hútòng

alley (in traditional parts of Beijing)

建筑

jiànzhù

building, structure; architecture

假设

jiǎshè

supposing, assuming

紧急

jǐnjí

urgent, pressing

美术

měishù

fine arts

人物

rénwù

character (in a novel, film, etc.)

摄影

shèyǐng

to take a photograph

双方

shuāngfāng

both sides, both parties

所

suǒ

[particle introducing a clause]

因素

yīnsù

factor

乐器

yuèqì

musical instrument

展览

zhǎnlǎn

exhibit, display

指导

zhǐdǎo

guidance

装饰

zhuāngshì

decoration

祝福

zhùfú

blessings

办理

bànlǐ

to handle (official business), to process

报社

bàoshè

newspaper (company)

部门

bùmén

department

代表

dàibiǎo

representative, delegate

单位

dānwèi

unit (of measure), work unit

工业

gōngyè

industry

合作

hézuò

to cooperate

经商

jīngshāng

to trade, to engage in commercial activities

经营

jīngyíng

to operate (a business)

会计

kuàijì

accountant; accounting

老板

lǎobǎn

boss

利益

lìyì

benefit

名片

míngpiàn

business card

秘书

mìshū

secretary

谈判

tánpàn

to negotiate

项目

xiàngmù

project

薄

báo

thin (e.g. of clothing)

不耐烦

búnàifán

impatient

称呼

chēnghu

form of address

发挥

fāhuī

to exhibit (certain qualities)

服装

fúzhuāng

clothing

何况

hékuàng

let alone, what's more

系领带

jìlǐngdài

to tie a necktie

克服

kèfú

to overcome

能干

nénggàn

capable

设施

shèshī

facilities

碎

suì

to break into pieces, to shatter

逃

táo

to escape

万一

wànyī

in the event that, what if; just in case

辩论

biànlùn

debate

表达

biǎodá

expression

称赞

chēngzàn

to praise

沟通

gōutōng

to communicate, to connect

请求

qǐngqiú

a request

说服

shuōfú

to persuade

问候

wènhòu

a greeting

演讲

yǎnjiǎng

speech

语气

yǔqì

tone of voice

争论

zhēnglùn

argument

征求

zhēngqiú

to request (opinions, feedback etc)

咨询

zīxún

to consult

博物馆

bówùguǎn

museum

除夕

chúxī

Chinese New Year's Eve

国庆节

guóqìngjié

National Day (October 1st) of the PRC

华裔

huáyì

person of Chinese heritage

名胜古迹

míngshènggǔjì

historical sites and scenic spots

太极拳

tàijíquán

taiji boxing

文明

wénmíng

civilization

武术

wǔshù

martial arts

被子

bèizi

quilt, comforter

冰激凌

bīngjīlíng

ice cream

叉子

chāzi

fork

车库

chēkù

garage

尺子

chǐzi

ruler (for measuring)

宠物

chǒngwù

pet

醋

cù

vinegar

打工

dǎgōng

to do a part time job, to do manual labor

动画片

dònghuàpiān

animated film

锅

guō

wok, pot, pan

婚礼

hūnlǐ

wedding ceremony; wedding

家务

jiāwù

housework

口味

kǒuwèi

flavor, taste

馒头

mántou

steamed roll

牛仔裤

niúzǎikù

jeans

日用品

rìyòngpǐn

articles for daily use

手套

shǒutào

glove(s)

梳子

shūzi

comb

围巾

wéijīn

scarf

卧室

wòshì

bedroom

阳台

yángtái

balcony

财产

cáichǎn

property

产品

chǎnpǐn

product

产生

chǎnshēng

to produce

贷款

dàikuǎn

a loan; to provide a loan (e.g. bank)

股票

gǔpiào

stock, share

汇率

huìlǜ

exchange rate

利润

lìrùn

profit

利息

lìxī

interest (in the financial sense)

贸易

màoyì

trade

破产

pòchǎn

to go bankrupt

企业

qǐyè

enterprise, business

商务

shāngwù

commercial affairs

商业

shāngyè

business, trade, commerce

生产

shēngchǎn

to produce, to manufacture

市场

shìchǎng

market

税

shuì

tax

投资

tóuzī

investment

稳定

wěndìng

steady, stable

消费

xiāofèi

consumption

业务

yèwù

a company's business (as opposed to business in general)

营业

yíngyè

to do business

资金

zījīn

funds

资源

zīyuán

resource(s)

本科

běnkē

undergraduate course of study

参考

cānkǎo

to reference

册

cè

[measure word for booklets]

测验

cèyàn

test

常识

chángshí

general knowledge, common sense

程度

chéngdù

degree

传播

chuánbō

to propagate, to spread

词汇

cíhuì

vocabulary

堆

duī

[measure word for stacks of things]

幅

fú

[measure word for cloth or pictures]

辅导

fǔdǎo

guidance

工程师

gōngchéngshī

engineer

规矩

guīju

established practices

讲究

jiǎngjiu

to pay particular attention to

讲座

jiǎngzuò

(academic) lecture

教材

jiàocái

teaching materials

教训

jiàoxun

to lecture (on principles)

届

jiè

[measure word for elections, sporting events, graduating classes]

及格

jígé

to pass, to meet a minimum standard

课程

kèchéng

course, curriculum

朗读

lǎngdú

to read aloud

流传

liúchuán

to spread

论文

lùnwén

thesis

录取

lùqǔ

to recruit, to enroll

陌生

mòshēng

unfamiliar

念

niàn

to read aloud

派

pài

faction, school of thought

培训

péixùn

training

盆

pén

[measure word for something in a pot]

匹

pǐ

[measure word for houses]

片

piàn

[measure word for sheets or slices]

声调

shēngdiào

tone (of a tonal language)

生动

shēngdòng

vivid, lively

生长

shēngzhǎng

to grow up, to develop

实践

shíjiàn

practice (as opposed to theory)

试卷

shìjuàn

examination paper

实习

shíxí

internship

收获

shōuhuò

gain, benefit (e.g. from training: what you learned from it)

书架

shūjià

bookshelf

熟练

shúliàn

proficient in, well-versed in

丝毫

sīháo

the slightest amount or degree

思考

sīkǎo

to ponder

套

tào

[measure word for outfits, housing, set of things]

团

tuán

[measure word for a lump or a wad]

文件

wénjiàn

document, file

文具

wénjù

stationery

学历

xuélì

educational background

学术

xuéshù

learning, academics

学问

xuéwèn

knowledge

阵

zhèn

[measure word for states of short duration]

支

zhī

[measure word for pens]

种类

zhǒnglèi

type, variety, class

字幕

zìmù

subtitles

总之

zǒngzhī

in a word, in brief

作文

zuòwén

composition (student essay)

爱心

àixīn

compassion, kindness

安慰

ānwèi

consolation

操心

cāoxīn

to be worry (about)

多亏

duōkuī

thanks to...

发愁

fāchóu

to fret, to be anxious

分手

fēnshǒu

to break up (of two lovers)

感激

gǎnjī

to be grateful

个别

gèbié

individual, specific, respective

恨

hèn

to hate

怀念

huáiniàn

to reminisce about

刻苦

kèkǔ

hardworking, painstaking

夸

kuā

to praise

恋爱

liànài

(romantic) love

摸

mō

to touch, to feel (with one's hand), to stroke

佩服

pèifú

to admire

期待

qīdài

to look forward to

亲爱

qīnài

dear

热爱

rèài

to love fervently

舍不得

shěbude

to begrudge doing, to hate to part with

甩

shuǎi

to fling, to throw off, to dump (a love interest)

疼爱

téngài

to love dearly

痛苦

tòngkǔ

painful, agonizing

温柔

wēnróu

gentle

无奈

wúnài

to lack a better option

想念

xiǎngniàn

to miss (someone or something)

享受

xiǎngshòu

to enjoy

孝顺

xiàoshun

to show filial obedience (respect to one's parents)

痒

yǎng

to itch, to feel a tickle

犹豫

yóuyù

to hesitate

赞美

zànměi

to praise, to speak highly of

追求

zhuīqiú

to pursue (a goal, a love interest, etc.)

尊敬

zūnjìng

to respect

岛屿

dǎoyǔ

island

风景

fēngjǐng

scenery, landscape

海关

hǎiguān

customs (i.e. at the airport)

海鲜

hǎixiān

seafood

精力

jīnglì

energy

精神

jīngshén

energy, spirits

陆地

lùdì

dry land (as opposed to the sea)

清淡

qīngdàn

light (of food, not greasy or strongly seasoned)

沙漠

shāmò

desert

天空

tiānkōng

sky

土地

tǔdì

land, territory

位置

wèizhi

position, place, seat

系

xì

to tie up, to fasten (e.g. a seatbelt)

表现

biǎoxiàn

(personal) performance

脖子

bózi

neck

道理

dàolǐ

reason, sense

对方

duìfāng

the other person, the other side

干活儿

gànhuór

to do manual labor

个人

gèrén

personal, individual

个性

gèxìng

personality

乖

guāi

(of a child) good, well-behaved

管子

guǎnzǐ

pipe, tube

姑姑

gūgu

paternal aunt

姑娘

gūniang

young woman, girl

合理

hélǐ

reasonable

猴子

hóuzi

monkey

婚姻

hūnyīn

marriage

嫁

jià

(of a woman) to marry

交往

jiāowǎng

(interpersonal) relationship

家乡

jiāxiāng

hometown

夹子

jiāzi

clip

舅舅

jiùjiu

uncle (mother's brother)

桔子

júzi

tangerine, Mandarin orange

姥姥

lǎolao

maternal grandmother

老婆

lǎopó

(informal) wife

离婚

líhūn

to get a divorce

利用

lìyòng

to use (even a person), to utilize

理由

lǐyóu

reason

女士

nǚshì

lady, madam

亲切

qīnqiè

amiable

亲自

qīnzì

personally

娶

qǔ

to marry a woman

日子

rìzi

(special) day

扇子

shànzi

fan

绳子

shéngzi

rope, cord

使劲儿

shǐjìnr

to use all one's strength

首

shǒu

[measure word for songs and poems]

私人

sīrén

private, personal

太太

tàitai

wife; Mrs.

体会

tǐhuì

a personal experience

透明

tòumíng

transparent

外公

wàigōng

(coll.) mother's father

王子

wángzǐ

prince

屋子

wūzi

room, small house

销售

xiāoshòu

sales; salesperson

兄弟

xiōngdì

bros

吸取

xīqǔ

to draw (a lesson, insight etc)

一辈子

yíbèizi

(for) a lifetime

影子

yǐngzi

shadow

幼儿园

yòuéryuán

kindergarten

专家

zhuānjiā

expert

竹子

zhúzi

bamboo

字母

zìmǔ

letter (of the alphabet)

拆

chāi

to tear open

炒

chǎo

to stir fry

成果

chéngguǒ

result, achievement

吃亏

chīkuī

to suffer losses, to get a bum deal

重复

chóngfù

to repeat

创造

chuàngzào

to create

代替

dàitì

to substitute; instead

淡

dàn

weak in color or taste

顿

dùn

[measure word for meals, beatings, scoldings]

反而

fǎnér

instead; on the contrary; contrary (to expectations)

反复

fǎnfù

repeatedly, over and over

光盘

guāngpán

compact disc

果然

guǒrán

as expected, sure enough

果实

guǒshí

fruit (of a plant)

后果

hòuguǒ

consequences

壶

hú

pot (of tea)

呼吸

hūxī

to breathe

酱油

jiàngyóu

soy sauce

艰苦

jiānkǔ

difficult

肌肉

jīròu

muscle

酒吧

jiǔbā

bar, pub

辣椒

làjiāo

hot pepper

粮食

liángshi

foodstuff, cereals

厘米

límǐ

centimeter (cm)

零食

língshí

snack

流泪

liúlèi

to shed tears

汽油

qìyóu

gasoline

人事

rénshì

human resources

食物

shíwù

food

蔬菜

shūcài

vegetables

撕

sī

to tear (paper)

讨价还价

tǎojiàhuánjià

to haggle over a price

特色

tèsè

distinguishing feature(s)

偷

tōu

to steal

伟大

wěidà

great, grand

威胁

wēixié

a threat

一再

yízài

repeatedly

油炸

yóuzhá

to deep-fry

造成

zàochéng

to create (a situation)

摘

zhāi

to take off an accessory; to pick (fruit, etc.)

涨

zhǎng

to rise (of prices, water levels)

整齐

zhěngqí

neat, tidy

制作

zhìzuò

to make, to create, to manufacture

重大

zhòngdà

great

煮

zhǔ

to boil

包含

bāohán

to contain, to embody

本领

běnlǐng

learnable skill, ability

表明

biǎomíng

to make clear

承受

chéngshòu

to bear

出口

chūkǒu

an exit

处理

chǔlǐ

to process, to handle

当心

dāngxīn

to take care, to look out

递

dì

to hand over

点心

diǎnxin

dim sum (Cantonese cooking)

对手

duìshǒu

opponent, adversary

耳环

ěrhuán

earring

扶

fú

to physically support (with one's hands), to help up

骨头

gǔtou

bone

鼓舞

gǔwǔ

to hearten (e.g. good news)

核心

héxīn

core

挥

huī

to wave (one's hand)

健身

jiànshēn

to work out (at a gym)

借口

jièkǒu

excuse

结账

jiézhàng

to pay the bill, to settle accounts

进口

jìnkǒu

to import

决心

juéxīn

determination

颗

kē

[measure word for for small balls like teeth, hearts, pearls, corn kernels]

可见

kějiàn

it can clearly be seen (that this is the case)

冷淡

lěngdàn

cold

梨

lí

pear

骂

mà

to yell at, to scold, to curse

毛病

máobìng

defect, fault

眉毛

méimao

eyebrow

明确

míngquè

clear-cut, definite

木头

mùtou

wood

难免

nánmiǎn

difficult to avoid, will inevitably

脑袋

nǎodài

head

疲劳

píláo

weary

燃烧

ránshāo

to burn

忍不住

rěnbuzhù

to be unable to bear

人生

rénshēng

life (one's time on earth)

热心

rèxīn

enthusiasm, zeal

嗓子

sǎngzi

throat, voice

杀

shā

to kill

傻

shǎ

silly, foolish

伤害

shānghài

harm

身材

shēncái

figure, body shape

石头

shítou

stone

事先

shìxiān

in advance, beforehand

手工

shǒugōng

handicraft

手续

shǒuxù

procedure

手指

shǒuzhǐ

finger

随身

suíshēn

to (carry) on one's person

随手

suíshǒu

on your way, while you're at it

调皮

tiáopí

naughty; mischievous; unruly

体现

tǐxiàn

to embody

痛快

tòngkuài

delighted

握手

wòshǒu

to shake hands

显得

xiǎnde

to seem, to appear

显然

xiǎnrán

clear

消失

xiāoshī

to disappear

血

xuè

blood

虚心

xūxīn

open-minded

牙齿

yáchǐ

tooth, teeth

亿

yì

100 million

英俊

yīngjùn

handsome

依然

yīrán

still, yet

元旦

yuándàn

New Year's Day

掌握

zhǎngwò

to master (a skill)

着凉

zháoliáng

to get a chill

睁

zhēng

to open (one's eyes)

中心

zhōngxīn

center

转告

zhuǎngào

to deliver a message

专心

zhuānxīn

to be absorbed in

传统

chuántǒng

traditional

风俗

fēngsú

social custom

古代

gǔdài

ancient times

古典

gǔdiǎn

classical

近代

jìndài

early modern times (mid-19th century to 1919)

纪念

jìniàn

to commemorate

年代

niándài

an "era" (non-specific timerame)

时代

shídài

the age, the times

时期

shíqī

time period

悠久

yōujiǔ

long (of history)

挡

dǎng

to obstruct, to block

隔壁

gébì

next door

好客

hàokè

hospitable

拦

lán

to block (someone's path)

目录

mùlù

index, table of contents

轻易

qīngyì

easily, lightly, rashly

锁

suǒ

a lock

阻止

zǔzhǐ

to prevent, to block

承担

chéngdān

to take on (a responsibility)

担任

dānrèn

to hold a (government) position

法院

fǎyuàn

court of law

改正

gǎizhèng

to correct, to put right

合法

héfǎ

legal, lawful

合同

hétong

a contract

亮

liàng

bright

赔偿

péicháng

compensation

违反

wéifǎn

to violate, to break (a rule or law)

吓

xià

to frighten; to scare

鲜艳

xiānyàn

brightly-colored

义务

yìwù

duty, obligation

正

zhèng

just (right); straight; correct

证据

zhèngjù

evidence

执照

zhízhào

license (e.g. driver's license), permit

状况

zhuàngkuàng

condition, state, situation

状态

zhuàngtài

state, condition

成语

chéngyǔ

Chinese idiom, often made up of 4 characters

经典

jīngdiǎn

classic, classical

角色

juésè

role (in a story)

描写

miáoxiě

to describe

神话

shénhuà

myth

诗

shī

poetry

文学

wénxué

literature

文字

wénzì

text, written language

写作

xiězuò

writing

戏剧

xìjù

drama, play

形象

xíngxiàng

image; visual

叙述

xùshù

to relate (a story or information)

主题

zhǔtí

theme

作品

zuòpǐn

work (of art)

报告

bàogào

(work) report

出版

chūbǎn

to publish

发表

fābiǎo

to issue (a statement)

发言

fāyán

speech, statement

话题

huàtí

topic

录音

lùyīn

(audio) recording

麦克风

màikèfēng

microphone

媒体

méitǐ

the media

频道

píndào

channel

宣布

xuānbù

to declare, to announce

宣传

xuānchuán

to promote

病毒

bìngdú

virus

传染

chuánrǎn

to infect

待遇

dàiyù

treatment, pay

对待

duìdài

to treat (someone a certian way)

挂号

guàhào

to register (at a hospital, etc.)

过敏

guòmǐn

to be allergic

救护车

jiùhùchē

ambulance

急诊

jízhěn

emergency ward (of a hospital)

内科

nèikē

internal medicine

失眠

shīmián

to suffer from sleep deprivation

受伤

shòushāng

to be hurt

手术

shǒushù

surgery

退

tuì

to retreat

胃

wèi

stomach

胃口

wèikǒu

appetite

心脏

xīnzàng

heart (the organ)

营养

yíngyǎng

nutrition

优惠

yōuhuì

favorable treatment

诊断

zhěnduàn

diagnosis

治疗

zhìliáo

medical treatment

采访

cǎifǎng

an interview

促进

cùjìn

to promote (an idea or cause)

登记

dēngjì

to register

废话

fèihuà

nonsense, obvious statements

胡说

húshuō

to talk nonsense

纪录

jìlù

variant of 记录

记录

jìlù

a (written) record

记忆

jìyì

memories

梦想

mèngxiǎng

life dream

敏感

mǐngǎn

sensitive

目标

mùbiāo

target

想象

xiǎngxiàng

to imagine

意外

yìwài

unexpected

在乎

zàihu

to care (about), to mind

智慧

zhìhuì

wisdom, intelligence

自觉

zìjué

self-aware

宝贵

bǎoguì

valuable, precious

单元

dānyuán

unit (forming an entity)

兑换

duìhuàn

to exchange (e.g. money)

角度

jiǎodù

angle

人民币

rénmínbì

RMB, Chinese Yuan (CNY)

押金

yājīn

deposit, down payment

岸

àn

coast, bank (of a river)

鞭炮

biānpào

firecrackers

彩虹

cǎihóng

rainbow

车厢

chēxiāng

carriage, train car

充电器

chōngdiànqì

electric charger

窗帘

chuānglián

window curtains

电台

diàntái

broadcasting station

钓

diào

to fish (with a a fishing line)

朵

duǒ

[measure word for flowers]

风格

fēnggé

style

风险

fēngxiǎn

risk

光滑

guānghua

smooth, shiny

光临

guānglín

to be present [honorific]

光明

guāngmíng

light, the light

花生

huāshēng

peanut

蝴蝶

húdié

butterfly

火柴

huǒchái

matches

浇

jiāo

to water (plants)

教练

jiàoliàn

coach, trainer

胶水

jiāoshuǐ

glue

开水

kāishuǐ

boiled water

昆虫

kūnchóng

insect

雷

léi

thunder

列车

lièchē

(railway) train

蜜蜂

mìfēng

bee

明星

míngxīng

a star, a celebrity

浅

qiǎn

shallow (of water), light (of colors)

绕

rào

to revolve, to move around, to wind

日常

rìcháng

daily, routine

日程

rìchéng

schedule

日历

rìlì

calendar

日期

rìqī

date

晒

shài

to sun, to put out to dry; to show off (e.g. photos on WeChat)

闪电

shǎndiàn

lightning

蛇

shé

snake

射击

shèjī

to shoot, to fire

狮子

shīzi

lion

天真

tiānzhēn

naive, innocent

土豆

tǔdòu

potato

兔子

tùzi

rabbit

雾

wù

fog

小麦

xiǎomài

wheat

形势

xíngshì

circumstances; situation; terrain

性质

xìngzhì

nature, characteristic

训练

xùnliàn

to train

玉米

yùmǐ

corn

着火

zháohuǒ

to ignite a fire

猪

zhū

pig, swine

自私

zìsī

selfish

自由

zìyóu

free (as a bird)

本质

běnzhì

essence, nature

必然

bìrán

inevitable

概念

gàiniàn

concept, idea

观点

guāndiǎn

point of view

观念

guānniàn

conception

规律

guīlǜ

regular pattern, rule, law

价值

jiàzhí

value

绝对

juéduì

absolutely

客观

kèguān

objective (opposite of subjective)

理论

lǐlùn

theory

逻辑

luóji

logic

偶然

ǒurán

accidental, coincidental

片面

piànmiàn

one-sided

全面

quánmiàn

all-around, comprehensive

思想

sīxiǎng

thinking

相对

xiāngduì

relative

意义

yìyì

meaning, significance

原则

yuánzé

principle

哲学

zhéxué

philosophy

主观

zhǔguān

subjective

改革

gǎigé

reform

和平

hépíng

peace

军事

jūnshì

military affairs

权力

quánlì

power, rights

权利

quánlì

right, privilege

外交

wàijiāo

diplomacy

战争

zhànzhēng

war

政府

zhèngfǔ

government

政治

zhèngzhì

politics

制度

zhìdù

system, institution

主席

zhǔxí

chairman, chairperson

总统

zǒngtǒng

president (of a country)

悲观

bēiguān

pessimistic

感受

gǎnshòu

a feeling, an impression

感想

gǎnxiǎng

impressions

幻想

huànxiǎng

to halliucinate

灰心

huīxīn

to lose heart, to be discouraged

寂寞

jìmò

lonely

乐观

lèguān

optimistic

满足

mǎnzú

to satisfy

情绪

qíngxù

mood

委屈

wěiqū

to feel wronged

心理

xīnlǐ

mentality, psychology

遗憾

yíhàn

regret

自豪

zìháo

proud (of one's achievements etc)

电池

diànchí

battery

地震

dìzhèn

earthquake

分析

fēnxī

analysis

化学

huàxué

chemistry

结论

jiélùn

conclusion

能源

néngyuán

energy source

实验

shíyàn

test, experiment

数据

shùjù

data

物理

wùlǐ

physics

物质

wùzhì

matter, material

现象

xiànxiàng

phenomenon

系统

xìtǒng

system

妇女

fùnǚ

woman (usu. married)

公平

gōngpíng

fair

行业

hángyè

industry

家庭

jiātíng

household

老百姓

lǎobǎixìng

the ordinary people

农村

nóngcūn

the countryside

农业

nóngyè

agriculture

平等

píngděng

equal

青少年

qīngshàonián

adolescent, teenager

人才

réncái

a person's talent

人口

rénkǒu

population

人类

rénlèi

humankind

人员

rényuán

staff personnel

身份

shēnfèn

identity

失业

shīyè

to lose one's job

嗯

en

uh-huh, OK [an agreeable grunt]

冠军

guànjūn

champion

球迷

qiúmí

sports fan

优美

yōuměi

graceful, fine

运输

yùnshū

transport

保存

bǎocún

to save (a file, etc.)

程序

chéngxù

computer program, procedure

发明

fāmíng

invention

功能

gōngnéng

function

键盘

jiànpán

keyboard (of a computer)

机器

jīqì

machine

零件

língjiàn

part (of a machine)

软件

ruǎnjiàn

software

删除

shānchú

to delete

设备

shèbèi

equipment, facilities

设计

shèjì

a design

鼠标

shǔbiāo

mouse (computing)

数码

shùmǎ

digital

输入

shūrù

to input

搜索

sōusuǒ

to search (often online)

网络

wǎngluò

internet

项

xiàng

[measure word for formal programs]

显示

xiǎnshì

to display

下载

xiàzǎi

to download

硬件

yìngjiàn

hardware

资料

zīliào

information

傍晚

bàngwǎn

evening

成分

chéngfèn

ingredient, component

迟早

chízǎo

sooner or later

充分

chōngfèn

full, ample

次要

cìyào

secondary

从前

cóngqián

formerly, once upon a time

度过

dùguò

to spend (time)

分别

fēnbié

to part or leave each other

分布

fēnbù

to distribute

分配

fēnpèi

to distribute

公元

gōngyuán

CE (Common Era)

过分

guòfèn

excessive, over the top

阶段

jiēduàn

stage, period

夸张

kuāzhāng

exaggerated

临时

línshí

temporary, at the last minute

明显

míngxiǎn

obvious

年纪

niánjì

age

配合

pèihé

cooperation

平均

píngjūn

to average

期间

qījiān

time period

如今

rújīn

nowadays, now

时差

shíchā

time difference; jet lag

时刻

shíkè

moment

时髦

shímáo

fashionable

时尚

shíshàng

fashion

随时

suíshí

at any time

相处

xiāngchǔ

to associate with, to interact with

相当

xiāngdāng

considerably

业余

yèyú

spare time, amateur

乙

yǐ

second (of the ten Heavenly Stems)

长辈

zhǎngbèi

older generation

至今

zhìjīn

until now

中旬

zhōngxún

the middle (10 days) of a month

周到

zhōudao

considerate, attentive, thorough (in some activity)

自从

zìcóng

since (a time); ever since (something happened)

综合

zōnghé

to consolidate

播放

bōfàng

to broadcast

采取

cǎiqǔ

to adopt, to carry out (measures, policies, etc.)

地毯

dìtǎn

carpet

发票

fāpiào

official receipt for purchase

广泛

guǎngfàn

broad, wide-ranging

驾驶

jiàshǐ

to pilot, to drive

卡车

kǎchē

truck

可怕

kěpà

scary, terrible

宽

kuān

wide, broad

摩托车

mótuōchē

motorcycle

体贴

tǐtiē

considerate, caring

支票

zhīpiào

(bank) cheque

报到

bàodào

to report for duty, to check in

报道

bàodào

(news) report

大厦

dàshà

office tower

工厂

gōngchǎng

factory

工人

gōngrén

worker

兼职

jiānzhí

a part-time job

据说

jùshuō

it is said that; reportedly

劳动

láodòng

labor, work

勤奋

qínfèn

diligent, hardworking

商品

shāngpǐn

commodity, goods

银

yín

silver

用功

yònggōng

studious, hardworking

员工

yuángōng

employee, staff

召开

zhàokāi

to convene (a conference or meeting)